نقض حق حیات در تجاوز به مدرسه شجره طیبه میناب از منظر قواعد حقوق بشر و حقوق بشر دوستانه

•   آرشیو : نسخه بهار 1405
•   کد پذیرش : 130072
•   موضوع : حقوق بین‌الملل
• نویسنده/گان : | عبدالمحمد افروغ، نرجس روشن سروستانی، فرزانه عمادی، الهه رضاوندی
•   زبان : فارسی
•   نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
•   چکیده مقاله به فارسی : مدارس، به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین محیط‌های یادگیری و شکل‌دهنده آینده کودکان، در حقوق بین‌الملل بشر و حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه از جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردارند و باید به‌عنوان فضاهای ذاتاً غیرنظامی و مصون از تعرض شناخته شوند. با این حال، در دهه‌های اخیر، حملات هدفمند به مراکز آموزشی در مخاصمات مسلحانه، به‌ویژه در غزه، یمن، افغانستان و اوکراین، الگویی نگران‌کننده از نقض سازمان‌یافته حق حیات و حق آموزش کودکان را نشان داده است. این مقاله با تکیه بر مبانی نظری حق حیات در نظام حقوق بشر بین‌الملل، نظام‌های منطقه‌ای و نیز در اندیشه اسلامی، و با استفاده از چارچوب حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه و بیانیه مدارس امن، به تحلیل حمله به مدرسه دخترانه شجره طیبه در میناب می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش، ضمن تبیین اصول بنیادین حقوق بشردوستانه - از جمله اصول تفکیک، تناسب و احتیاط در حمله - نشان داده می‌شود که حمله عمدی به یک مرکز آموزشی غیرنظامی، در پرتو اسناد بین‌المللی از جمله پروتکل‌های الحاقی کنوانسیون‌های ژنو و اساسنامه دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی (ICC)، می‌تواند مصداق جنایت جنگی و در صورت گستردگی و نظام‌مند بودن، جنایت علیه بشریت تلقی گردد. همچنین، با استناد به کنوانسیون حقوق کودک و اسناد مرتبط، ابعاد نقض حق حیات، حق آموزش و پیامدهای روانی-اجتماعی چنین حملاتی بر کودکان بررسی می‌شود. مطالعه موردی مدرسه شجره طیبه نشان می‌دهد که هدف قرار دادن عمدی مراکز آموزشی نه‌تنها نقض فاحش تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت‌های مهاجم است، بلکه ضرورت تقویت سازوکارهای جهانی برای پاسخگو ساختن عاملان و تضمین مصونیت مطلق مدارس را برجسته می‌سازد. یافته پژوهش بر این نکته تأکید دارد که حفاظت از مدارس و دانش‌آموزان، ترکیبی از یک تعهد حقوقی و یک ضرورت اخلاقی است. بر این اساس، پیشنهاد می‌شود با تقویت اجرای استانداردهای بین‌المللی حمایت از مراکز آموزشی، استناد فعال به بیانیه مدارس امن، و بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت نهادهای بین‌المللی و منطقه‌ای، مسئولیت دولت‌ها و فرماندهان متجاوز در قبال حملات به مدارس به‌طور جدی پیگیری شده و مدارس به‌عنوان مناطق صلح در هرگونه وضعیت درگیری، از تعرض مصون بمانند.
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•   کلمات کلیدی به فارسی : حق حیات، حقوق بشر، حقوق بشردوستانه، حمایت از غیرنظامیان، حمله به مدارس، مدرسه شجره طیبه میناب.
•   چکیده مقاله به انگلیسی : Schools, as paramount centers for learning and shaping the future of children, hold a special status within international human rights law and international humanitarian law (IHL), and must be recognized as inherently civilian spaces, immune from attack. However, recent targeted attacks on educational institutions in armed conflicts, particularly in Gaza, Yemen, Afghanistan, and Ukraine, have revealed a disturbing pattern of flagrant violations of fundamental IHL and human rights principles. These assaults on schools, intended to be sanctuaries for knowledge and childhood, are increasingly becoming theaters of violence and tragedy, starkly demonstrating breaches of international commitments. This paper, drawing upon the theoretical underpinnings of the “right to life” within international human rights frameworks, regional legal systems, and Islamic jurisprudence, as well as the IHL framework and the Safe Schools Declaration, analyzes the attack on the “Shajareh-ye Tayyebah” girls’ school in Minab. The research elucidates the fundamental principles of IHL—including distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack—demonstrating how the intentional targeting of a civilian educational facility, in light of international instruments such as the Geneva Conventions’ Additional Protocols and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), constitutes a war crime and, if widespread or systematic, a crime against humanity. Furthermore, referencing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and related documents, the paper examines the violations of the right to life, the right to education, and the psycho-social consequences of such attacks on children. The case study of the Shajareh-ye Tayyebah school illustrates that intentionally targeting educational centers not only constitutes a grave violation of the international obligations of aggressor states but also underscores the necessity of strengthening global mechanisms to hold perpetrators accountable and guarantee the absolute immunity of schools. The paper concludes that protecting schools and students is both a legal obligation and a moral imperative. It is therefore proposed that by reinforcing the implementation of international standards for the protection of educational institutions, actively invoking the Safe Schools Declaration, and leveraging the capacities of international and regional bodies, the responsibility of states and commanders for attacks on schools must be rigorously pursued, ensuring that schools remain “zones of peace” in any conflict situation.
•   کلمات کلیدی به انگلیسی : Right to Life, Human Rights, International Humanitarian Law, Protection of Civilians, Attack on Schools, Shajareh-e Tayyebah School Minab
•  صفحات : 73-94
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